Rendering Halogen HTML

Halogen HTML elements are the smallest building block of Halogen applications. These elements describe what you want to see on the screen.

Halogen HTML elements are not components (we'll get to components in the next chapter), and they can't be rendered without a component. However, it's common to write helper functions that produce Halogen HTML and then use those functions in a component.

We'll explore writing HTML without components or events in this chapter.

Halogen HTML

You can write Halogen HTML using functions from the Halogen.HTML or Halogen.HTML.Keyed modules as in this example:

import Halogen.HTML as HH

element = HH.h1 [ ] [ HH.text "Hello, world" ]

Halogen HTML elements can be thought of like browser DOM elements, but they are controlled by the Halogen library instead of being actual elements in the DOM. Under the hood, Halogen takes care of updating the actual DOM to match the code you have written.

Elements in Halogen accept two arguments:

An array of attributes, properties, event handlers, and/or references to apply to the element. These correspond with ordinary HTML properties like placeholder and event handlers like onClick. We'll learn how to handle events in the next chapter, and we'll only focus on properties in this chapter.
An array of children, if the element supports children.

As a brief example, let's translate this ordinary HTML into Halogen HTML:

<div id="root">
  <input placeholder="Name" />
  <button class="btn-primary" type="submit">
    Submit
  </button>
</div>

Let's break down our Halogen HTML:

Our Halogen code has the same shape as our ordinary HTML: a div containing an input and a button, which itself contains plain text.
Properties move from key-value pairs inside the tags into an array of properties for the element.
Child elements move from being inside an open and closing tag into an array of children, if the element supports children.

Functions for writing properties in your HTML come from the Halogen.HTML.Properties module.

import Halogen.HTML as HH
import Halogen.HTML.Properties as HP

html =
  HH.div
    [ HP.id_ "root" ]
    [ HH.input
        [ HP.placeholder "Name" ]
    , HH.button
        [ HP.classes [ HH.ClassName "btn-primary" ]
        , HP.type_ HP.ButtonSubmit
        ]
        [ HH.text "Submit" ]
    ]

You can see Halogen's emphasis on type safety displayed here.

A text input can't have children, so Halogen doesn't allow the element to take further elements as an argument.
Only some values are possible for a button's type property, so Halogen restricts them with a sum type.
CSS classes use a ClassName newtype so that they can be treated specially when needed; for example, the classes function ensures that your classes are space-separated when they're combined.

Some HTML elements and properties clash with reserved keywords in PureScript or with common functions from the Prelude, so Halogen adds an underscore to them. That's why you see type_ instead of type in the example above. (You also see id_ instead of id, but in PureScript 0.12 the id function was renamed to identity; future versions of Halogen will just use id without an underscore.)

When you don't need to set any properties on a Halogen HTML element, you can use its underscored version instead. For example, the div and button elements below have no properties:

html = HH.div [ ] [ HH.button [ ] [ HH.text "Click me!"] ]

That means we can rewrite them using their underscored versions. This can help keep your HTML tidy.

html = HH.div_ [ HH.button_ [ HH.text "Click me!" ] ]

Writing Functions in Halogen HTML

It's common to write helper functions for Halogen HTML. Since Halogen HTML is built from ordinary PureScript functions, you can freely intersperse other functions in your code.

In this example, our function accepts an integer and renders it as text:

header :: forall w i. Int -> HH.HTML w i
header visits = 
  HH.h1_ 
    [ HH.text $ "You've had " <> show visits <> " visitors" ]

We can also render lists of things:

lakes = [ "Lake Norman", "Lake Wylie" ]

html :: forall w i. HH.HTML w i
html = HH.div_ (map HH.text lakes)
-- same as: HH.div_ [ HH.text "Lake Norman", HH.text "Lake Wylie" ]

These function introduced a new type, HH.HTML, which you haven't seen before. Don't worry! This is the type of Halogen HTML, and we'll learn about it in the next section. For now, let's continue learning about using functions in HTML.

One common requirement is to conditionally render some HTML. You can do this with ordinary if and case statements, but it's useful to write helper functions for common patterns. Let's walk through two helper functions you might write in your own applications, which will help us get more practice writing functions with Halogen HTML.

First, you may sometimes need to deal with elements that may or may not exist. A function like the one below lets you render a value if it exists, and render an empty node otherwise.

maybeElem :: forall w i a. Maybe a -> (a -> HH.HTML w i) -> HH.HTML w i
maybeElem val f =
  case val of
    Just x -> f x
    _ -> HH.text ""

-- Render the name, if there is one
renderName :: forall w i. Maybe String -> HH.HTML w i
renderName mbName = maybeElem mbName \name -> HH.text name

Second, you may want to render some HTML only if a condition is true, without computing the HTML if it fails the condition. You can do this by hiding its evaluation behind a function so the HTML is only computed when the condition is true.

whenElem :: forall w i. Boolean -> (Unit -> HH.HTML w i) -> HH.HTML w i
whenElem cond f = if cond then f unit else HH.text ""

-- Render the old number, but only if it is different from the new number
renderOld :: forall w i. { old :: Number, new :: Number } -> HH.HTML w i
renderOld { old, new } = 
  whenElem (old /= new) \_ -> 
    HH.div_ [ HH.text $ show old ]

Now that we've explored a few ways to work with HTML, let's learn more about the types that describe it.

HTML Types

So far we've written HTML without type signatures. But when you write Halogen HTML in your application you'll include the type signatures.

`HTML w i`

HTML is the core type for HTML in Halogen. It is used for HTML elements that are not tied to a particular kind of component. For example, it's used as the type for the h1, text, and button elements we've seen so far. You can also use this type when defining your own custom HTML elements.

The HTML type takes two type parameters: w, which stands for "widget" and describes what components can be used in the HTML, and i, which stands for "input" and represents the type used to handle DOM events.

When you write helper functions for Halogen HTML that don't need to respond to DOM events, then you will typically use the HTML type without specifying what w and i are. For example, this helper function lets you create a button, given a label:

primaryButton :: forall w i. String -> HH.HTML w i
primaryButton label =
  HH.button
    [ HP.classes [ HH.ClassName "primary" ] ]
    [ HH.text label ]

You could also accept HTML as the label instead of accepting just a string:

primaryButton :: forall w i. HH.HTML w i -> HH.HTML w i
primaryButton label =
  HH.button
    [ HP.classes [ HH.ClassName "primary" ] ]
    [ label ]

Of course, being a button, you probably want to do something when it's clicked. Don't worry -- we'll cover handling DOM events in the next chapter!

`ComponentHTML` and `PlainHTML`

There are two other HTML types you will commonly see in Halogen applications.

ComponentHTML is used when you write HTML that is meant to work with a particular type of component. It can also be used outside of components, but it is most commonly used within them. We'll learn more about this type in the next chapter.

PlainHTML is a more restrictive version of HTML that's used for HTML that doesn't contain components and doesn't respond to events in the DOM. The type lets you hide HTML's two type parameters, which is convenient when you're passing HTML around as a value. However, if you want to combine values of this type with other HTML that does respond to DOM events or contain components, you'll need to convert it with fromPlainHTML.

`IProp`

When you look up functions from the Halogen.HTML.Properties and Halogen.HTML.Events modules, you'll see the IProp type featured prominently. For example, here's the placeholder function which will let you set the string placeholder property on a text field:

placeholder :: forall r i. String -> IProp (placeholder :: String | r) i
placeholder = prop (PropName "placeholder")

The IProp type is used for events and properties. It uses a row type to uniquely identify particular events and properties; when you then use one of these properties with a Halogen HTML element, Halogen is able to verify whether the element you're applying the property to actually supports it.

This is possible because Halogen HTML elements also carry a row type which lists all the properties and events that it can support. When you apply a property or event to the element, Halogen looks up in the HTML element's row type whether or not it supports the property or event.

This helps ensure your HTML is well-formed. For example, <div> elements do not support the placeholder property according to thge DOM spec. Accordingly, if you try to give a div a placeholder property in Halogen you'll get a compile-time error:

-- ERROR: Could not match type ( placeholder :: String | r )
-- with type ( accessKey :: String, class :: String, ... )
html = HH.div [ HP.placeholder "blah" ] [ ]

This error tells you that you've tried to use a property with an element that doesn't support it. It first lists the property you tried to use, and then it lists the properties that the element does support. Another example of Halogen's type safety in action!

Halogen Guide